Florence Johnson
subject: African Americans--New York (State)--Buffalo
subject: Great Migration, ca. 1914-ca. 1970
subject: Education--New York (State)--Buffalo.
description: Florence Johnson is a graduate of Buffalo State College and holds a B.S. in Exceptional Education and Elementary Education as well as M.S. in Education. Presently, she served as project director for Student Support Services at Buffalo State College. In this role, she monitored the academic progress of 200 students who meet the criteria for low income and first generation attending a four-year college. Ms. Johnson established a "Summer Bridge Program" specifically designed to help in the retention of first year students at Buffalo State College. Chair of the National Council of Urban Boards of Education, Florence D. Johnson was a member and former president of the City of Buffalo Board of Education. She served for 25 years. She chaired the strategic planning committee for that board and is its delegate to the Federal Network Advocacy Association. She served on the Board of Directors of the National School Boards Association and in 1999 served as vice chair of the National Council of Urban Boards of Education. Listed in Who's Who in American Education, Ms. Johnson is the recipient of numerous awards for her work in education. She has been honored with the Jayne Kadey Award for Teaching Excellence; the Buffalo State College President's Award for Excellence; the New York State Governor's Award for African Americans of Distinction; Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Edgar A. Love Scholarship Award; and the Education Award from the National Conference of Christian and Jews. She was selected to serve on the New York State Commissioner of Education's Advisory Board, and serves on the Council of Great City Schools representing the Buffalo Board of Education. She was an enthusiastic board member of the Olmsted Park Conservancy, and First Vice Chair of the Hamlin Park Taxpayers & Community Association. Among her many honors for her career include Buffalo Spree Magazine's 2006 listing as one of the Ten Most Powerful Western New York Women. Ms. Johnson has been an active member of the Ca…
creator: Uncrowned Queens Institute for Research & Education on Women, Inc.
source: Uncrowned Community Builders
publisher: Buffalo & Erie County Public Library (publisher of digital)
date: 2023
contributor: Blanc Photographie (videographer)
contributor: Blanc, Yves-Richard
rights: ©2024 Uncrowned Queens Institute
format: video/mp4
language: eng
type: Moving Image

Nellie B. King
subject: African Americans--New York (State)--Buffalo
subject: Great Migration, ca. 1914-ca. 1970
subject: Education--New York (State)--Buffalo.
creator: Uncrowned Queens Institute for Research & Education on Women, Inc.
source: Uncrowned Community Builders
publisher: Buffalo & Erie County Public Library (publisher of digital)
date: 2023
contributor: Blanc, Yves-Richard
rights: ©2024 Uncrowned Queens Institute
format: video/mp4
language: eng
type: Moving Image

Rev. Pierce Interview
subject: African Americans--New York (State)--Buffalo
subject: Education--New York (State)--Buffalo.
subject: Great Migration, ca. 1914-ca. 1970
subject: African American veterans--Interviews.
description: Reverend Pierce spent his early childhood in Laurel, Mississippi, where he suffered under the policy of strict racial segregation. He attended schools that were inferior to those of white students. He lived in the "Colored Projects" on the other side of the tracks. Reverend Pierce had to drink from the water foundation marked "Colored Only. "When he attended the movie theater, he had to sit in the balcony. He was not allowed to use the public library or sit at the lunch counter at downtown restaurants. In 1950, he relocated to Buffalo, New York, hoping to improve his way of life. He was shocked that racism also existed in Buffalo, but he remained there to assist his uncle in caring for his ailing Aunt. He graduated from Lafayette High School in Buffalo, then earned a B.S. in Criminal Justice from Buffalo State College and an M.A. in American Studies from the University of Buffalo. In 2002, Rev. Pierce was licensed and ordained as a Minister of the Gospel. Rev. Pierce was an exemplary and devoted leader in the U.S. Army for 18 ½ years. He has served in the Regular Army, Active Reserve Component, and National Guard. Rev. Pierce was a member of the Military Police Corps and was honorably discharged as a Sergeant First Class E7. He continues to serve in the American Legion Jesse Clipper Post No. 430, where he was Post Commander from 2013-2014-2021-2022. During Army Basic at Fort Hood, Texas, Pierce's fellow trainee was Elvis Presley. His first overseas assignment was in Gelnhausen, Germany. His Company Commander was 1st Lt. Colin Powell, the future Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Pierce is the founder and first Executive Director of the B.U.I.L.D. Halfway House. As President of the Pilgrim Baptist Church Housing Corporation, he was instrumental in constructing Pilgrim Village, an eighty-unit low-income housing development located north of the Medical Corridor between Michigan Avenue and Ellicott Street. In 1970, Reverend Pierce relocated to Cheektowaga, New York.…
description: Description from Uncrowned Community Builders.
creator: Uncrowned Queens Institute for Research & Education on Women, Inc.
source: Uncrowned Community Builders
publisher: Buffalo & Erie County Public Library (publisher of digital)
date: 2023
contributor: Blanc, Yves-Richard
rights: ©2024 Uncrowned Queens Institute
format: video/mp4
language: eng
type: Moving Image

Velma Mcgriff Ferguson
subject: African Americans--New York (State)--Buffalo
subject: Great Migration, ca. 1914-ca. 1970
subject: African Americans in medicine
description: Velma was born in Buffalo, New York on October 6, 1933. She is the eighth child of eleven children born to Ernest and Isabell McGriff. She attended public school 12 and graduated from Hutchinson Central High School. at the age of 18 years old, she married James (Dave) Ferguson on November 25th, 1950. She is the mother of three children, six grandchildren eight great-grandchildren, and one great-great-grandchild. Velma was employed from 1953 to 1996 at Buffalo General Hospital, as a Supervisor in Cardiac Angiology, Department of Medicine. She retired in 1996. While working at Buffalo General, she attended Bryant & Stratton College and the University at Buffalo. After retiring from Buffalo General, Velma worked another decade as a bus aide supervisor beginning in 1996. She was a supervisor of bus aides. She often personally worked on the routes that had students, who were considered the most disruptive. She developed special relationships with those students and modeled behavior management for the other bus aides. She was the supervisor of bus aides. Velma became a member of The Harriet Tubman 300's Inc. in 1976. The organization was formed in 1975 to preserve the legacy of its namesake, Velma has held a 51-year tenure as the longest-tenured member as well as the oldest member of the organization. She is still an active member serving as President. In 1996, the Harriet Tubman 300's co-sponsored a historical marker at Freedom Park (formerly known as Broderick Park) in Buffalo's Black Rock district. The marker denotes the site as a former "Underground Railroad River Crossing" into Canada. In 1979, Velma co-founded the Buffalo Chapter of the Cousins, an affiliate of the largest Black Family Ancestral Groups in America. It boasts over 3500 cousins. Velma was awarded the Black Achiever Award in 1995. She is a lifetime member of St. Luke/Durham Memorial AME Zion Church, 17 E. Eagle Street in Buffalo. She is grateful to be a two-time cancer survivor and enjoying life.
creator: Uncrowned Queens Institute for Research & Education on Women, Inc.
source: Uncrowned Community Builders
publisher: Buffalo & Erie County Public Library (publisher of digital)
date: 2023
contributor: Blanc, Yves-Richard
rights: ©2024 Uncrowned Queens Institute
format: video/mp4
language: eng
type: Moving Image

Winford Quick
subject: African Americans--New York (State)--Buffalo
subject: Oral history
subject: African American physicians
description: Winford A. Quick, M.D. is the Medical Director at the General Motors Corporation, Powertrain Division's Tonawanda Engine Plant. His responsibility is to provide quality medical care to the 1,800 plus employees at the facility. Dr. Quick was a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Department of Family Medicine, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine form 1979 to 1983. He is currently a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, providing on-the-job, occupational medicine experiences to residents in that department. The son of an A.M.E. Zion minister, Dr. Quick was born and raised in Morehead City, North Carolina. Dr. Quick earned a bachelor's degree in biology, while on a football scholarship, from Livingstone College, Salisbury, North Carolina in 1966. He earned a M.S. Degree in Air Pollution Toxicology from the School of Pharmacy of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1969. In 1973 he earned his Doctor of Medicine degree from Albany Medical College in Albany, New York. He completed his internship and residency in Family Medicine at the Deaconess Hospital of Buffalo and Women's and Children Hospital of Buffalo from 1973 to 1976. From 1977 to 1982, Dr. Quick worked as an evening staff physician at the Jesse Nash Community Health Center. Following 10 years of private medical practice in Buffalo, Dr. Quick joined the Medical Department of the General Motors Corporation in 1981. Dr. Quick is a former member of the University at Buffalo School of Medicine Admissions Committee and a former member of the Board of Directors of the Buffalo Urban League. He is also a former member of the Board of Directors of the Grace Manor Nursing Home. He is Chairman of the Board of Directors of the St. John Christian Academy. He is also a board member of the United Way of Buffalo and Erie County and was recently appointed to represent Buffalo and Erie County on the New York State level with the United Way. He donates many hours in effor…
creator: Uncrowned Queens Institute for Research & Education on Women, Inc.
publisher: Buffalo & Erie County Public Library (publisher of digital)
date: 2023
contributor: Blanc, Yves-Richard
rights: ©2024 Uncrowned Queens Institute
format: video/mp4
language: eng
type: Moving Image

Barbara Nevergold
subject: Great Migration, ca. 1914-ca. 1970
subject: African Americans--New York (State)--Buffalo
subject: Oral history
subject: Education--New York (State)--Buffalo.
description: A native of Louisiana, Dr. Seals Nevergold moved to the East side of Buffalo, New York in 1947 with her parents, the late Clara Ellis Seals and Rev. Willie B. Seals, seven brothers and sister. She is a graduate of the Buffalo Public Schools and Buffalo State College, where she earned a Bachelor of Science degree in French Education. She is also an alumnus of the University at Buffalo with Masters of Education degrees in French Education and Counseling Education. In 1986 she earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree at UB in Counseling Education. Dr. Seals Nevergold also studied French at Laval University in Quebec, Canada and at the University of Dijon in Dijon, France. Dr. Seals Nevergold began her career as a French teacher in the Buffalo School System. She also worked as a guidance counselor in the system. Subsequent positions have included: Executive Director of Niagara Frontier Association for Sickle Cell Disease, Inc.; Vice President for Children's Services at Friendship House of Western New York, Inc.; CEO of Planned Parenthood of Buffalo and Erie County, Inc.; and Regional Director for Berkshire Farm Center. Dr. Seals Nevergold retired as the Director of Student Support Services at the University of Buffalo's Educational Opportunity Center. She has also held adjunct instructional positions at Empire State College and the University at Buffalo. Beginning in the Fall of 2006, Dr. Nevergold and fellow co-founder, Dr. Peggy Brooks-Bertram, of the Uncrowned Queens Institute began working full-time on the establishment of the Uncrowned Queens Center for Excellence at the University at Buffalo. From 2006 to 2010 the Uncrowned Queens Center for Excellence at the University at Buffalo enhanced the work of the Institute by giving it a home and supporting the extension of the numerous programs developed and implemented by the Institute. The Uncrowned Queens Institute, founded in 1999 by Drs. Seals Nevergold and Brooks-Bertram, promotes the collection, preservation and disse…
creator: Uncrowned Queens Institute for Research & Education on Women, Inc.
publisher: Buffalo & Erie County Public Library (publisher of digital)
date: 2023
contributor: Blanc Photographie (videographer)
contributor: Blanc, Yves-Richard
rights: ©2024 Uncrowned Queens Institute
format: video/mp4
language: eng
type: Moving Image

Cece Henderson
subject: African Americans--New York (State)--Buffalo
subject: Buffalo (N.Y.). Board of Education
subject: Education--New York (State)--Buffalo.
description: Cecelia Henderson is a native of Hampton Virginia. She is a graduate of the University at Buffalo where she received both an undergraduate and graduate degree. Her area of postgraduate studies was in Prevention, Crisis, and Substance Abuse. For thirty-four years Mrs. Henderson worked as a Prevention Specialist for the Buffalo Board of Education. While in this capacity, she was a curriculum member responsible for drug and sex education; certified HIV/AIDS instructor; coordinator of the New York State Pilot Drug Program; committee member for teacher candidate interviews; curriculum resource facilitator; and health education teacher. Her professional memberships included the Student Assistance Personnel (SAP) program, Buffalo Teachers Federation, New York State Education Association, National Education Association, Student Assistance Professionals Organization, and the Retired Teachers Organization. Mrs. Henderson retired from her position with the Board of Education in 1999. An active member of the New Hope Baptist Church, Mrs. Henderson serves as Secretary on both the Board of Christian Education and Budget Committee. She also chaired numerous church events including the 20th Pastoral Anniversary and Retirement; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Commemorative Breakfast; Graduate Recognition Banquet, Homecoming Celebration, Scholarship Committee; and Youth Enrichment Program. Mrs. Henderson has been a very active member of The Links, Incorporated for nearly thirty years. She has served the organization on the local, regional, and national levels. She is a Life Member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. where she currently serves as the Great Lakes Region Program Chair. In addition, Mrs. Henderson is an active member in several civic organizations. These include H&G Family Club (past President), Nardin Academy Parent's Council (past President), American Lung Association of Western New York (Board Director), New York State Lung Association (Board Director-at-large), Buffalo …
creator: Uncrowned Queens Institute for Research & Education on Women, Inc.
publisher: Buffalo & Erie County Public Library (publisher of digital)
date: 2023
contributor: Blanc Photographie (videographer)
contributor: Blanc, Yves-Richard
rights: ©2024 Uncrowned Queens Institute
format: video/mp4
language: eng
type: Moving Image

Deacon Lilian J. Davis-Wilson
subject: Episcopal churches--New York (State)--Buffalo
subject: Hospital administration
subject: New York (State)--Amherst
subject: African Americans--New York (State)--Buffalo
description: The Reverend Lillian Davis-Wilson was ordained in the Diocese of WNY, to the diaconate on August 29, 2015. She is assigned to St. Philip's Episcopal Church in Buffalo, New York. Her ministry is in bereavement and loss. She started a bereavement and loss support group at St. Philip's and works with the Good Grief Support Group at Calvary Episcopal Church, in Williamsville, NY. She is a Spiritual Director from St. Joseph's Center of Spirituality, and she completed the 4year program of Theological Education for Ministry by the School of Theology, from the University of the South. She also studied at Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School. She earned her Master's Degree in Public Administration with a concentration in Hospital Administration and Planning from NYU. Her Bachelor's Degree is in Sociology with a minor in Psychology and Secondary Education from The City College of New York. She is a Cradle Episcopalian and a native of NYC. Davis-Wilson leads the Episcopal Service at the Terrace View Long Term Care Facility. Her leadership has continually developed and grown working with the past four Bishops of western New York, and she has played a very active role on all levels of the church. In 2018 she was elected as the Provincial Clergy Representative to the Executive Council of the Episcopal Church USA for 6 years. On Executive Council, she holds the title of Vice-Chair of the Joint Standing Committee of Mission Beyond the Episcopal Church. Additional roles on each level of the church are Episcopal Church USA: elected deputy to the general convention for 7 trienniums, vice-chair on the Standing Commission on National Concerns, selected as a member on 6 legislative committees. On the Province level: ECW Province President, and Synod Council's Planning Committee for 4 trienniums. On the Diocesan level: Diocesan Council member, Race, Justice team in the mission strategy advisory group, member of the Search Committee for the 11th Bishop of WNY, and elected Lay Director …
creator: Uncrowned Queens Institute for Research & Education on Women, Inc.
publisher: Buffalo & Erie County Public Library (publisher of digital)
date: 2023
contributor: Blanc, Yves-Richard
rights: ©2024 Uncrowned Queens Institute
format: video/mp4
language: eng
type: Moving Image

Back our girls over there
description: Poster Number: 710
creator: Underwood, Clarence F.
source: World War I Posters Collection
date: [1917-1918]
contributor: Rare Book Room of the B&ECPL (repository)
rights: Digital image copyright 2017 by the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Images in this collection are not to be used for any commercial purposes without the expressed written permission of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Users of this website are free to utilize material from this collection for non-commercial and educational purposes.
relation: Digital Collections of the B&ECPL
format: image/jpeg
language: eng
type: Still image
coverage: Early Twentieth Century (1900-1925)

"We'll help you to win the war, Dad." with War Savings Stamps.
description: Poster Number: 1522
creator: Urquhart Wilcox
source: World War I Posters Collection
contributor: Rare Book Room of the B&ECPL (repository)
rights: Digital image copyright 2017 by the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Images in this collection are not to be used for any commercial purposes without the expressed written permission of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Users of this website are free to utilize material from this collection for non-commercial and educational purposes.
relation: Digital Collections of the B&ECPL
format: image/jpeg
language: eng
type: Still image
coverage: Early Twentieth Century (1900-1925)

Join the Air Service and serve in France
description: Poster Number: 731
creator: Verrees, J. Paul
source: World War I Posters Collection
publisher: Ketterlinus : Philadelphia (Printer)
date: 1917
contributor: Rare Book Room of the B&ECPL (repository)
rights: Digital image copyright 2017 by the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Images in this collection are not to be used for any commercial purposes without the expressed written permission of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Users of this website are free to utilize material from this collection for non-commercial and educational purposes.
relation: Digital Collections of the B&ECPL
format: image/jpeg
language: eng
type: Still image
coverage: Early Twentieth Century (1900-1925)

https://digital.buffalolib.org/document/1586
title: Ligue Écoconomique de Paris. 15bis Boulevard Saint-Denis à Paris--Tél.: Central 62.70. Association ayant acquis capacié juridique par la déclaration faite à préfecture de Police da la Seine sous le numéro 157514 (Loi du 1er Juillet 1901)et par la
description: Poster Number: 1017
creator: Visa: 8.802
source: World War I Posters Collection
publisher: Central de la Bourse : Paris (Printer)
date: 1917
contributor: Rare Book Room of the B&ECPL (repository)
rights: Digital image copyright 2017 by the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Images in this collection are not to be used for any commercial purposes without the expressed written permission of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Users of this website are free to utilize material from this collection for non-commercial and educational purposes.
relation: Digital Collections of the B&ECPL
format: image/jpeg
language: eng
type: Still image
coverage: Early Twentieth Century (1900-1925)

https://digital.buffalolib.org/document/1592
title: Terrasse des Tuileries=Salle de Jeu de Paume. Métro & Nord-Sud:Concornd. 2e Exposition Interalliée. de photographies de Guerre. Documents Officiels des Armées, Belge, Britannique, Française, Italienne, Japonaise, Portugaise, Roumaine, Russe et Serbe. Ouverte
description: Poster Number: 1023
creator: Visa: 9.395
source: World War I Posters Collection
publisher: Paul Dupont : Paris (Printer)
date: 1917
contributor: Rare Book Room of the B&ECPL (repository)
rights: Digital image copyright 2017 by the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Images in this collection are not to be used for any commercial purposes without the expressed written permission of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Users of this website are free to utilize material from this collection for non-commercial and educational purposes.
relation: Digital Collections of the B&ECPL
format: image/jpeg
language: eng
type: Still image
coverage: Early Twentieth Century (1900-1925)

"They shall not perish"
description: Poster Number: 464
creator: Volk, Douglas
source: World War I Posters Collection
publisher: American Lithograph Co. : New York (Printer)
date: 1918
contributor: Rare Book Room of the B&ECPL (repository)
rights: Digital image copyright 2017 by the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Images in this collection are not to be used for any commercial purposes without the expressed written permission of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Users of this website are free to utilize material from this collection for non-commercial and educational purposes.
relation: Digital Collections of the B&ECPL
format: image/jpeg
language: eng
type: Still image
coverage: Early Twentieth Century (1900-1925)

Hold up your end! War Fund Week. One Hundred Million Dollars.
description: Poster Number: 1523
creator: W. B. King
source: World War I Posters Collection
contributor: Rare Book Room of the B&ECPL (repository)
rights: Digital image copyright 2017 by the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Images in this collection are not to be used for any commercial purposes without the expressed written permission of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Users of this website are free to utilize material from this collection for non-commercial and educational purposes.
relation: Digital Collections of the B&ECPL
format: image/jpeg
language: eng
type: Still image
coverage: Early Twentieth Century (1900-1925)

Albright Art Gallery, Delaware Park, Buffalo N.Y. [2]
subject: Postcards--New York (State)--Buffalo.
subject: Photographic postcards.
subject: Albright-Knox Art Gallery
subject: W.G. MacFarlane (Firm)
subject: Parks--New York (State)--Buffalo--Delaware Park.
description: Photographic black and white postcard of the AKG Art Museum.
creator: W.G. Macfarlane, Toronto
publisher: W.G. Macfarlane, Toronto (Publisher of Orginal)
publisher: Buffalo and & Erie County Public Library (Publisher of Digital)
rights: Digital image copyright 2025 by the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Images in this collection are not to be used for any commercial purposes without the expressed written permission of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Users of this website are free to utilize material from this collection for non-commercial and educational purposes.
format: image/jpeg
language: ENG
type: Still Image

74th Regiment Armory, [Connecticut Street] Buffalo N.Y. [5]
subject: Postcards--New York (State)--Buffalo.
subject: National Guard State of New York
subject: W.G. MacFarlane (Firm)
description: Picture postcard of the 74th Regiment Armory on Connecticut Street.
creator: W.G. Macfarlane, Toronto
publisher: W.G. Macfarlane, Toronto (Publisher of Orginal)
publisher: Buffalo and & Erie County Public Library (Publisher of Digital)
rights: Digital image copyright 2025 by the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Images in this collection are not to be used for any commercial purposes without the expressed written permission of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Users of this website are free to utilize material from this collection for non-commercial and educational purposes.
format: image/jpeg
language: ENG
type: Still Image

View on Main Street. Buffalo Savings Bank Building.
subject: Postcards--New York (State)--Buffalo.
subject: Photographic postcards.
subject: Buffalo Savings Bank.
subject: Buffalo (N.Y.)--Buildings, structures, etc.
subject: Banks and banking--New York (State)--Buffalo.
description: Black and white photographic postcard of the Buffalo Savings Bank from the perspective of Main Street.
creator: W.G. Macfarlane, Toronto
publisher: W.G. Macfarlane, Toronto (Publisher of Orginal)
publisher: Buffalo and & Erie County Public Library (Publisher of Digital)
rights: Digital image copyright 2025 by the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Images in this collection are not to be used for any commercial purposes without the expressed written permission of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Users of this website are free to utilize material from this collection for non-commercial and educational purposes.
format: image/jpeg
language: ENG
type: Still Image

[Buffalo Picture] Buffalo, N.Y.
subject: Postcards--New York (State)--Buffalo.
subject: Photographic postcards.
subject: American bison.
description: Photographic postcard of a buffalo standing in a green field.
creator: W.H. Brandel, Buffalo, N.Y.
publisher: W. H. Brandel (Publisher of Orginal)
publisher: Buffalo and & Erie County Public Library (Publisher of Digital)
contributor: W. H. Brandel (artist)
rights: Digital image copyright 2025 by the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Images in this collection are not to be used for any commercial purposes without the expressed written permission of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Users of this website are free to utilize material from this collection for non-commercial and educational purposes.
format: image/jpeg
language: ENG
type: Still Image

The Harriman National Bank Urges Faith Courage and Patience
description: Poster Number: 633
creator: Waddell, M.
source: World War I Posters Collection
publisher: Metro Lithograph Co. : New York (Printer)
date: 1918
contributor: Rare Book Room of the B&ECPL (repository)
rights: Digital image copyright 2017 by the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Images in this collection are not to be used for any commercial purposes without the expressed written permission of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. Users of this website are free to utilize material from this collection for non-commercial and educational purposes.
relation: Digital Collections of the B&ECPL
format: image/jpeg
language: eng
type: Still image
coverage: Early Twentieth Century (1900-1925)